Nutrient storage in termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) mounds and the implications for nutrient dynamics in a tropical savanna Ultisol

The role of mounds of the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) in nutrient recycling in a highly weathered and nutrient-depleted tropical red earth (Ultisol) of the Nigerian savanna was examined by measuring stored amounts of selected nutrients and estimating their rates of turnover via the mounds. A study plot (4?ha) with a representative termite population density (1.5?mounds?ha^?1) and size (3.7?±?0.4?m in height, 2.4?±?0.2?m in basal diameter) of M. bellicosus mounds was selected. The mounds were found to contain soil mass of 9249?±?2371?kg?ha^?1, composed of 7502?±?1934?kg?ha^?1 of mound wall and 1747?±?440?kg?ha^?1 of nest body. Significant nutrient enrichment, compared to the neighboring topmost soil (Ap1 horizon: 0–16?cm), was observed in the nest body for total nitrogen (N) and exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), and in the mound wall for exchangeable K only. In contrast, available (Bray-1) phosphorus (P) content was found to be lower in both the mound wall and the nest body than in the adjacent topmost soil horizon. Consequently, the mounds formed by M. bellicosus contained 1.71?±?0.62?kg?ha^?1 of total N, 0.004?±?0.003?kg?ha^?1 of available P, 3.23?±?0.81?kg?ha^?1 of exchangeable Ca, 1.11?±?0.22?kg?ha^?1 of exchangeable Mg and 0.79?±?0.21?kg?ha^?1 of exchangeable K. However, with the exception of exchangeable K (1.2%), these nutrients amounted to less than 0.5% of those found in the topmost soil horizon. The soil nutrient turnover rate via M. bellicosus mounds was indeed limited, being estimated at 1.72?kg?ha^?1 for organic carbon (C), 0.15?kg?ha^?1 for total N, 0.0004?kg?ha^?1 for available P, 0.15?kg?ha^?1 for exchangeable Ca, 0.05?kg?ha^?1 for exchangeable Mg, and 0.06?kg?ha^?1 for exchangeable K per annum. These findings suggest that the mounds of M. bellicosus, while being enriched with some nutrients to create hot spots of soil nutrients in the vicinity of the mounds, are not a significant reservoir of soil nutrients and are therefore of minor importance for nutrient cycling at the ecosystem scale in the tropical savanna.     

木材的皱缩

本文给出了木材皱缩的定义,分析了皱缩机理,木材细胞皱缩的基本条件和外界条件,探讨了皱缩的特性,皱缩的评价指标以及评价之间的关系。     

不同形成时间鼢鼠鼠丘土壤水力学性质的对比

为探寻高原鼢鼠活动对若尔盖草原土壤持水性能的影响,通过田间原位张力入渗和室内沙箱+压力膜仪试验,探索不同形成时间鼠丘土壤水力学参数以及土壤大孔隙度的差异。结果表明:与草地对照相比,鼠丘土壤中易于流失的结构性孔隙水(θstr)含量增加,而能被植物有效利用的基质性孔隙水(θtxt)含量下降(由对照组(0.14±0.02)cm~3/cm~3降低至(0.10±0.02)cm~3/cm~3)。新鼠丘和1年鼢鼠鼠丘中半径250μm中大孔隙的有效孔隙度较草地对照组分别平均增加30%和11%,饱和导水率分别平均增加38%和21%。高原鼢鼠活动改变了土壤水力学特征,降低了土壤有效水的持水量,提高了土壤饱和导水率,使草地保水能力下降,易出现水分亏缺,增加草地退化和逐步沙化的风险。     

(土娄)土堆积体坡面细沟形态及其沿程分布特征

采用人工野外放水冲刷试验,以(土娄)土地质为下垫面的工程堆积体坡面为研究对象,研究了不同坡长、坡度的(土娄)土堆积体坡面细沟形态特征及其沿程分布。结果表明:沟宽随时间延续呈现先递增后倾于稳定的趋势,沟宽与坡长存在二次函数关系,沟深随时间延续不断递增,表现为线性函数关系,沟深与细沟断面面积均对坡长变化存在响应,但并不存在显著函数关系,细沟宽深比随径流的持续呈现先骤减后倾于稳定的趋势,细沟断面面积随时间延续呈现逐渐递增的走势,可以用线性函数来描述断面面积与时间二者的关系,沟宽的沿程分布规律不一,呈现迥异,整体上来看,沟深的分布特性表现为先骤减后保持稳定的规律,就堆积体渣面汇集径流冲刷坡面的情况而言,对堆积体上半坡面布设合理的防治措施是重中之重。     

Simulation of Collapse by Discrete Element Method for Diversion Tunnel under Complex Geological Conditions

Geological conditions of Jinping I Hydropower diversion tunnel is very complicated, it has the following characteristics, such as high geostress and developmental faults and joints, several collapse occurred in the construction process. A brief introduction is given to the geological conditions of Jinping I Hydropower diversion tunnel, based on discrete element method, Major joints and faults were simulated, and calculation models were built. By calculation and analysis, Rules and characteristics of deformation and failure for rock diversion tunnel has been obtained. After the diversion tunnel was excavated, high geostress were released, structural surface relaxation and slip. Side wall generated vertical cracks, vault take place chipping. With deformation increasing, the structural plane was further slip and open, dome support weakened, leading to collapse.     

山杨小径木皱缩材组织结构的变化及其皱缩机理的探讨

目前,关于木材皱缩的机理各说不一,一种认为皱缩是由于受到过量的压应力,而压应力又归因于木材的干缩力,这种力的产生是当细胞腔内的自由水蒸发完毕后在细胞腔内产生真空而使细胞溃陷;另一种认为,由于细胞腔内的自由水流过纹孔时,产生的静水压力使细胞破坏而致。此种理论的建立要求细胞腔里充满水分而没有空汽泡存在。因为半径大于弯月面半径的空气泡膨胀时会降低应力,所以要完全不含汽泡。日本学者服部芳明利用后一种理论测定了水分传导过程中的渗透压,用测定渗透压的方法确定细胞     

水曲柳地板坯料气干与窑干联合干燥工艺的研究

采用气干与窑干联合干燥方法对水曲柳地板坯料进行干燥的试验结果表明：采用气干与窑干联合干燥工艺干燥,比单独采用窑干干燥工艺节约成本62．43％～67．78％,木材综合合格率可提高约2．0％,而生产周期仅延长了2．5天。     

敌敌畏防治黑翅土白蚁试验

喷施80%敌敌畏乳油200～300倍液,杀死黑翅土白蚁速度快,成本低,效果好。     

云冷杉林风倒区林隙和掘根微立地微气候变化

2013年7月,在小兴安岭凉水国家级自然保护区云冷杉林风倒区1.5 hm2的样地内,选取由掘根倒木形成且包含坑和丘微立地的大、中、小3个代表性林隙。在每个林隙中心安装HOBO自动气象站,测定了7—9月林隙中心以及林隙内丘顶和坑底的总辐射、光合有效辐射(PAR)、空气温度和相对湿度,并在郁闭林分和空旷地设置对照。分析了不同大小林隙之间以及林隙内丘顶和坑底之间小气候在生长季的动态变化及其差异。结果表明:林隙总辐射、PAR以及空气温度依照大林隙、中林隙和小林隙的次序依次降低;同一林隙内,丘顶的总辐射、PAR和空气温度大于坑底,丘顶空气相对湿度小于坑底;月均气温和月均PAR均为7月>8月>9月,绝大多数按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序递减,仅9月份小林隙的气温大于中林隙。同一林隙的平均气温日较差均为7月>9月>8月,相同微立地(林隙中心、丘顶、坑底)气温日较差均为大林隙>中林隙>小林隙。相同月份丘顶的气温日较差均大于坑底。各林隙空气相对湿度均为8月>9月>7月,并按照空旷地、大林隙、中林隙、小林隙和郁闭林分的次序依次递增。7月份大林隙的总辐射、PAR与8、9月份相比均差异显著。9月不同大小林隙之间的总辐射、PAR差异均不显著。7—9月,大林隙和小林隙中心的空气湿度均差异显著。同一林隙相同月份丘顶和坑底的PAR、空气相对湿度差异均显著,空气温度差异不显著;无论是在林隙内还是林隙内的丘顶和坑底,同一林隙不同月份的温度差异均显著。     

热处理对桉材皱缩的作用

多枝桉、细叶桉、赤桉采用恒温调湿干燥法测绘含水率－收缩曲线，探求热处理对改善桉材皱缩的效果。结果多枝桉、细叶桉是否热处理均具典型的“皱缩”型含水率－收缩曲线，但热处理材少有“二段”皱缩，“肩点”处收缩率和全收缩率比未热处理材小，处理效果明显；赤桉则无区别。同时，论述了“皱缩”型曲线出现“肩点”的必然性；提出了“二阶段”皱缩理论；并对寺尺＾［１］等的“导管二次皱缩”论的局部性进行了探讨。